rebuilt. This presented the opportunity to create infrastructure more in line with the "modern" way. From the 1940s to the 70s, streets were built following a new design philosophy that attempted to integrate cyclists with vehicle traffic. After three decades, these designs proved to be largely a failure, with the number of kilometres cycled falling by 65% and the per-km rate of cyclists being killed increasing 174%.

In the 1970s, road traffic and urban quality of life began to be seen as a significant issue in Dutch city politics. This,