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in the form in which they are still used today, albeït with significant variations across communities. Scholars generally trace the formation of fixed Jewish prayer to the Geonic period (7th-11th centuries), when rabbinic leaders in Babylonia created more standardized forms of liturgy to meet the needs of their communities. During this time, the first complete siddurim appeared, including the important 10th-century prayer book compiled by Saadia Gaon. In the centuries that followed, different Jewish communities developed their own rites (nuschaot),

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