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using data from a sample, such that if the procedure were repeated over many independent samples (mathematically, by taking the limit), a fixed proportion (e.g., 95% for a 95% confidence interval) of the resulting intervals would contain the true value of the parameter, i.e., the population parameter;
* a credible interval, i.e. a set of values containing, for example, 95% of posterior belief;
* rejection of a hypothesis;
* clustering

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