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educated in the United States and was a Ghadarite, with him having a strong disposition against the concept of untouchability. Initially, Mangu Ram tried working with the Arya Samaj, founding a school for lower-castes within the framework of the Arya Samaj, but lost hope and decided to launch a separate identity apart from Hinduism and Sikhism, known as Ad-Dhama. The movement envisioned itself as a separate religion, apart from the prevailing religions of Hinduism, Sikhism, Islam, or Christianity, believing

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