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and Pierre Quillard.

Early life, family, and education

Born in Mulhouse, Alsace on 9 October 1859, to Raphaël and Jeannette Dreyfus (née Libmann), Alfred Dreyfus was the youngest of nine children (seven of whom survived to adulthood). His grandfather was a merchant from a long established Alsatian Jewish family in Rixheim, not far from Mulhouse. His father became a prosperous industrialist who started a cotton mill, then

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