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a distance matrix is required. There are several ideas on how a distance matrix can be made:
** Hill et al. (1996) uses the formula of Nei and Li (1979), which scores the presence or absence at each discrete length (0/1 marker sequence).
** Not all gels are run to the point where lengths can be resolved in increments of 1 base (examples include the two images in the section), and even if they are distinguishable, counting bands is error-prone. Since 1999, studies deal with this issue by instead considering each result a sequence of

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