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practices. However, these were not popularized until the 1850s, upon the use of the Australian Secret Ballot, a paper with each candidate's name pre-marked. This system was used in the United States until reforms were passed in the 1880s. Voting was mostly by Australian Secret Ballot until automatic mechanical voting machines, operated with levers, became ubiquitous in the 20th century (1910-1980). Punch card voting and optical scanning machines (similar to ScanTron),

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