forging (sometimes called "sculpting"), welding, heat-treating, and finishing.

Forging

Forging--the process smiths use to shape metal by hammering--differs from machining in that forging does not remove material. Instead, the smith hammers the iron into shape. Even punching and cutting operations (except when trimming waste) by smiths usually re-arrange metal around the hole, rather than drilling it out as swarf.

Forging uses seven basic operations or techniques:

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