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organisms from algae to malarial parasites (Plasmodium). Molecular evidence indicates that the plastids in chromists were derived from red algae through secondary symbiogenesis in a single event. In contrast, plants acquired their plastids from cyanobacteria through primary symbiogenesis. These plastids are now enclosed in two extra cell membranes, making a four-membrane envelope, as a result of which they acquired many other membrane proteins

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