The United States grants citizenship to those born as a result of reproductive technologies, and internationally adopted children born after 27 February 1983. Some exclusions still persist for internationally adopted children born before 27 February 1983, even though their parents meet citizenship criteria.

Citizenship is seen by most scholars as culture-specific, in the sense that the meaning of the term varies considerably from culture to culture, and over time. In China, for example, there is a cultural