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<p>spring pressure or by backup power.</p>

<p>The modes of failure operation are requirements of the <a href="page.php?w=Fail-safe">failure to safety</a> process control specification of the plant. In the case of cooling water it may be to fail open, and the case of delivering a chemical it may be to fail closed.</p>

<p><big>Valve positioners</big></p>
<p>The fundamental function of a positioner is to deliver pressurized air to the valve actuator, such that the position of the valve stem or shaft corresponds to the set point from the control system. Positioners</p><p>
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