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of the collector-emitter voltage V_CE. Using V_CB may be more physically plausible, in agreement with the physical origin of the effect, which is a widening of the collector-base depletion layer that depends on V_CB. Computer models such as those used in SPICE use the collector-base voltage V_CB.

Small-signal model

The Early effect can be accounted for in small-signal circuit models (such as the hybrid-pi model)

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