catalogued the large majority of the developments of the time, and by 1973 a large bibliography was needed to keep track of developments in the field. In the Soviet Union, progress was largely described in a series of books, starting in 1975.

Calma's Graphic Design System (GDS, 1971) and its 32-bit successor GDSII (1978) let engineers digitise and edit full-chip layouts on minicomputers;