ahead of elections about which coalitions they categorically reject.

In Germany, coalitions rarely consist of more than two parties (CDU and CSU, two allies which on the federal level always form the CDU/CSU caucus, count as a single party). Starting in the 2010s, coalitions at the state level increasingly have included three parties, often the FDP, Greens, and one of the major parties, or "red-red-green" coalitions of the SPD, the Left, and the Greens. As