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and Sand Island are both enlarged natural features, while Akau (North) and Hikina (East) are two artificial islands formed by coral dredging. By 1964, dredge and fill operations had increased the size of Johnston Island to 596 acre from its original 46 acre, increased the size of Sand Island from 10 to 22 acre, and added the two new islands, North and East, of 25 and 18 acre respectively.The four islands compose a total land area of 2.67 km2. Due to the atoll's tilt,

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