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more than six hours, that only 10 percent of the farmers used local anesthesia before cauterization, 5 percent provided calves with postoperative analgesia, and that farmers "indicated limited willingness to pay the cost of analgesia or to call a veterinarian to perform the procedure."
*Horned livestock are better able to defend themselves and their young from predators such as wolves and dogs.
*Horns provide a secure point for roping or holding

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