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(DAT), which also has high-affinity for MPP⁺. The dopamine transporter scavenges for excessive dopamine at the synaptic spaces and transports them back into the cell. Even though this property is exhibited by both ventral tegmental area (VTA) and SNc neurons, VTA neurons are protective against MPP⁺ insult due to the expression of calbindin. Calbindin regulates the availability of Ca²⁺ within the cell, which is not the case in SNc

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