claims of predatory pricing. At the same time, they have relaxed the standards governing other conduct by monopolists. For instance, non-standard contracts that exclude rivals are now lawful if supported by a "valid business reason", unless the plaintiff can establish that the defendant could achieve the same benefits by means of a less restrictive alternative.

Monopolization is defined as the situation when a firm with durable and significant market power. For the court, it will evaluate the firm's market share. Usually, a monopolized