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<p>Aristotle). As an alternative, Kripke outlines a <a href="page.php?w=causal_theory_of_reference">causal theory of reference</a>, according to which a name refers to an object by virtue of a causal connection with the object as mediated through communities of speakers. He points out that proper names, in contrast to most descriptions, are <a href="page.php?w=rigid_designator">rigid designator</a>s: a proper name refers to the named object in every possible world in which the object exists, while most descriptions designate different objects in</p><p>
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