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the field of economics and social science based on income dynamics in population. According to his reasoning, above a certain minimum income threshold, the probability of an individual's income increasing or decreasing by a fixed proportion (e.g., doubling) remains constant across all income levels. As a consequence, the ratio of individuals earning a given income x to those earning half that amount x/2 remains the same, regardless of the absolute value of x. This scale-invariant property is a defining feature of power-law distributions.

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