+ 3 H₂O

Phosphonic acid also can be alkylated with acrylic acid derivatives to afford carboxyl functionalized phosphonic acids. This reaction is a variant of the Michael addition:
:CH₂=CHCO₂R + 3 H₃PO₃ -> (HO)₂P(O)CH₂CH₂CO₂R

In the Hirao coupling dialkyl phosphites (which

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