Xenarthra, and Afrotheria. All of these diverged from common ancestors.

2022 studies of Bertrand, O. C. and Sarah L. Shelley have identified leptictids, palaeoryctids and taeniodonts as basal placental mammal clades. Leptictids were also proposed to be close relatives of Boreoeutheria.

The 19 living orders of

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