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to the Turko-Mongol understanding of qara. "Black Khitans" (???) has also been seen used in Chinese. "Qara", which literally means "black", corresponds with the Liao's dynastic color black and its dynastic element water, according to the theory of five elements (wuxing). Muslim historians initially referred to the state as "Khitai", which may have come from the Uyghur form of "Khitan", in whose language the final -n or -n became -y. They adopted

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