the glacial cycles suggest that C. c. canutus is the most basal population, separating about 20,000 years ago (95% confidence interval: 60,000-4,000 years ago) with two distinct lineages of the American and Siberian breeders emerging about 12,000 years ago (with a 95% confidence interval: 45,000-3,500 years ago).

Distribution and migration

In the breeding season, the red knot has a circumpolar distribution in the high Arctic,

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