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associated with profitability, as well as higher productivity, as shown in studies conducted by the National Bureau of Economics. Research from 2000 has shown that firms with a persistent R&D strategy outperform those with an irregular or no R&D investment program. Measuring the effects of R&D can be difficult due to knowledge spillovers and changes in innovation. Statistics on organizations devoted to "R&D" may express the state of an industry, the degree

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