in his work Über den sado-masochistischen Komplex ("Regarding the sadomasochistic complex") in 1913.

Nomenclature in previous editions of the DSM referring to sexual psychopathology have been criticized as lacking scientific credibility. The DSM-5 distinguishes consensual adult kinky sexual interests, like BDSM, fetishes, and cross-dressing, as non-pathological "unusual sexual interests," reserving diagnoses of Paraphilic Disorders