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of aspirated consonants are as follows. In addition, and form ligatures with : and .

Aspirates

* }} (waddi ye) is only found in the final position, when writing the sounds e (?) or æ (?), and in initial and medial positions, it takes the form of }}.
* Vowels are expressed as follows:

Difference from Persian and Urdu

Shahmukhi has more letters than its Persian base and related Urdu alphabet, to represent the special sounds that are only

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