out by Bedouins targeting the pilgrims.

Towards the end of the 19th century, a potential Sharifian Caliphate became more likely due to the decline of the Ottoman Empire, which had been heavily defeated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878. The initial Arab uprisings challenging the authority of the Ottoman caliphate and advocating for the appointment of an Arab Sharif as caliph can be traced back to 1883,