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that also changed the landscape. During the Mexican War of Independence from 1810 to 1821, Texas experienced political and military upheaval. Reaching a maximum population of perhaps 5,000 Spanish, mixed-ancestry, and mission-affiliated Native residents in 1810, only about 2,500 people remained in Hispanic Texas by the end of the war. Mexico gained its independence from Spain in 1821, and Spanish Texas became part of independent Mexico. Texas became independent of Mexico in 1836 and joined

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