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as xem ???, meaning "river", and in its sister language, Tofa, as hem h??, also meaning "river". These languages are considered to have had close contact with those mentioned above in ancient times. Additionally, there are just over 50 river names containing the suffix -kem -??? in the Altai Republic, and the term Kim (???) as in Kim sug (??? ???), meaning "Yenisei River" barely exists in Khakas. All of these instances are confined

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