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mediates tissue repair, and the production of inflammatory cytokines induced either by tobacco smoke, or by microbial pattern recognition. This is seen as a possible defence response of basal cells to injury that would be associated with microbial attack. The response requires signalling via EGFR, which is highly expressed in basal cells. Other innate immune mediators include beta-defensin 2, and lipocalin-2; pro-inflammatory cytokines,

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