energy and converts to the cis isomer, where the substituents are on the same side of the N=N bond, leading to a bent or kinked structure.

This process is reversible: the cis form can thermally relax back to the trans form over time, or be actively reverted using visible light irradiation (commonly around 450-500 nm), depending on the substituents and molecular environment.

Preparation

Most azo dyes are prepared by azo coupling, which entails an electrophilic substitution reaction

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