be dated back to 4000 BC or the Chalcolithic period. One of the oldest studied examples of this technique is a 6,000-year-old amulet from the Indus Valley Civilisation.

India is attributed as one of the first civilizations to use casting methods to mass-produce coins. Around the middle of the first millennium BC (1000 BC - 1 BC), coins used were made from silver, but as the millennium progressed, the coins shifted to a cast copper alloy. New technology was developed to mass-produce the