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century. From 1900 to 2000 this field of research underwent three significant phases in the United States: (1) Golden Age of Research (1900-1930) which has been described as a multiple-factor approach, (2) Golden Age of Theory (1930-1960) which endeavored to show the limits of systematically connecting criminological research to theory, and (3) a 1960-2000 period, which was seen as a significant turning point for criminology. During the post-1960s expansion of higher education, criminology in the United States began to institutionalize outside

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