stem. When the instrument is placed upon a charged body, the stem and ball become charged and repel each other. The amount of repulsion is quantified by reading the angle between the string and the stem off the semicircle, though the measured angle is not in direct proportion to the charge. Early inventors included William Henley (1770) and Horace-Bénédict de Saussure.

Coulomb's electrometer

Torsion is used to give a measurement more sensitive than repulsion of

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