Natural populations threatened by extinction are under stress by invasive pests or pathogens that have increased resistance to pesticides and antibiotics. These populations may also be constrained by the genetic variation present because of the lack of sufficiently resistant alleles being able to propagate. This results in the absence of the third phase of the U-shaped curve leading to extirpation.

Recombination (Epistasis)

Recombination either increases or decreases the probability of evolutionary rescue from occurring. Epistasis

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