on Gnosticism, and the direction of influence remains debated, with the possibility that influence may also have run from proto-orthodox Christianity to Gnostic writers.

Connection to earlier Greek philosophy

Use of the term ousia was a common and vital part of ancient Greek metaphysical terminology, especially in the works of Plato and Aristotle, where it was used to discuss the definitive substance and the nature of reality. In later philosophical tradition,

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