conjugated ("tagged") to an antibody. Staining procedures can be applied to both retained intracellular expressed antibodies, or to cell surface antigens on living cells. There are two general classes of immunofluorescence techniques: primary (direct) and secondary (indirect). The following descriptions will focus primarily on these classes in terms of conjugated antibodies.

Primary (direct)

Primary (direct) immunofluorescence (DIF) uses a single antibody, conjugated to a fluorophore. The

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