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period, and Byzantine icons were imported, there are next to no survivals in an unaltered state. In the 12th century panel painting experienced a revival. Altarpieces seem to have begun to be used during the 11th century, with the possible exception of a few earlier examples. They became more common in the 13th century because of new liturgical practices--the priest and congregation were now on the same side of the altar, leaving the space behind the altar free for the display of a holy image--and thus altar decorations were in demand. The habit

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