values. Corruption as the decline of virtue has been criticized as too broad and far too subjective to be universalized.

The second dimension of corruption is corruption as deviant behavior. Sociologist Christian Höffling and economist J. J. Sentuira both characterized corruption as social illness; the latter defined corruption as the misuse of public power for one's profit. The third dimension is the quid pro quo. Corruption must always be an exchange between two or more persons/parties where one