cast iron under a cold blast. Needham and Wertime describe the method as a predecessor to the Bessemer process. This process was first described by government official Shen Kuo in 1075, when he visited Cizhou. Hartwell states that the earliest center where this was practiced was perhaps the great iron-production district along the Henan-Hebei border during the 11th century.

Europe

In the 15th

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