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cultural anthropologist and ethnologist Raymond Case Kelly claimed that before 400,000 years ago, humans clashed like groups of chimpanzees; however, later they preferred "positive and peaceful social relations between neighboring groups, such as joint hunting, trading, and courtship". In his book Warless Societies and the Origin of War he explores the origins of modern wars and states that high surplus product encourages conflict, so "raiding often begins in the richest environments".

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