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subordinate status. Titles like , , , and were granted by the emperor to the recipient for life but were not inherent in the office (???? ??? ????????, ), but the title belonged to the office (???? ??? ?????, ). Thus, into the eleventh century the Venetian doges held titles typical of Byzantine rulers in outlying regions, such as Sardinia. As late as 1202, the Doge Enrico Dandolo was styled , a title granted to him by Alexios III Angelos.

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