consequence. A formal consequence must be true in all cases, however this is an incomplete definition of formal consequence, since even the argument "P is Qs brother's son, therefore P is Qs nephew" is valid in all cases, but is not a formal argument.

A priori property

If it is known that follows logically from , then no information about the possible interpretations of or will affect that knowledge. Our knowledge that is a logical consequence of cannot be influenced by empirical knowledge.

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