of genetic disorders, including cancers, metabolic syndromes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, nuclear genes are primary targets for genetic engineering--CRISPR-Cas9 and other gene-editing technologies predominantly modify nuclear DNA to study gene function or develop therapies.

Finally, nuclear genes provide key insights into evolutionary biology. Comparative genomics of nuclear DNA across species helps trace evolutionary relationships, while endosymbiotic gene transfer--the migration of genes from organelles to the nucleus--reveals