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incorporating tappings
* or placed one pipe diameter upstream and half a pipe diameter downstream of the plate; these can be installed by welding bosses to the pipe
* placed 25.4 mm (1 inch) upstream and downstream of the plate, normally within specialised pipe flanges.These types are covered by ISO 5167 and other major standards. Other types include
* or placed 2.5 pipe diameters upstream and 8 diameters downstream, at which point the measured differential is equal to the unrecoverable pressure loss caused by the orifice

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