can also be viewed as di-esters of phosphonic acid: (O=PH(OR)₂) undergo a palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction with an aryl halide to form a phosphonate.

Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction

Phosphonic esters are prepared using the Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction. For example, methyl iodide catalyses the conversion of trimethylphosphite to the phosphonate ester dimethyl methylphosphonate:
:P(OMe)₃

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