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the systems of Chamberlain (1935), Benson (1957) and Cronquist (1960).

In the latter, Cronquist divided Gymnospermae into two divisions;
* division Coniferophyta
** class Coniferae
** class Chlamydospermae (Gnetales)
* division Cycadophyta
** class Cycadae

Benson,(1957) who introduced the term Pinales, divided gymnosperms into four classes;

* Conopsida (conifers, including Pinales)
* Ephedropsida

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