(ants, bees and wasps) the exuvia is so thin and membranous that it becomes "crumpled" as it is shed. Measuring the timing of this emergence is of interest to chronobiologists because the process is regulated by circadian clocks in many species, necessitating different assays to measure eclosion timing.

Pupal mating

In a few taxa of the Lepidoptera, especially Heliconius, pupal mating is an extreme form of reproductive

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