in rivers, coastal areas and ponds. In their anadromous territories, they spend the summers along the coast, normally in waters no more than 20 ft deep and no more than 1 mi from shore. They overwinter under the ice in estuaries, producing an antifreeze protein and glycerol. In the spring, they spawn at night in small streams, often ones that go dry in the summer.

Ecology

In 1883 Stedman and Argyle found that the rainbow smelt consumed bloaters (Coregonus

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